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References

McMinn, M. R. (1996). Psychology, theology, and spirituality: In christian counseling. Carol Stream, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.

A counselor who is a Christian has the initial challenge to develop a powerful, personal prayer life.  Such a spiritual and prayer life, or lack thereof, will directly impact the understanding, approach, and use of prayer in counseling.  McMinn (1996) states that the use of prayer in session is not what should be in question, but what forms of prayer with which clients and under what circumstances.  It is important to remember that seeking to help a client find and build a healthy sense of self, need, and healing relationships means that a counselor cannot use prayer as a coercive means to control or as a mask that the client can use to cover deeper issues (McMinn, 1996).  Therefore, it is imperative for a client to be open and willing to take part in prayer and not be forced into participation.

Brewer (n.d.) indicates that possible negative impacts of prayer could be the development of dependency on the counselor rather than God, self-consciousness, putting on a mask, and breach of boundaries.  To caution against these negative outcomes a counselor can use prayer for clients outside of the session, silent prayer in session, meditation outside of session, and imagery in session, to name a few (Brewer, n.d.).  What are important are the comfort level of the client and the appropriate use of prayer suited specifically for the circumstances.

References

Brewer, G. (n.d.). [Prayer and Christian Counseling]. Liberty University.

Brewer, G. (n.d.). [Prayer for Psychological and Spiritual Health]. Liberty University.

McMinn, M.R. (1996). Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Chrisitan counseling. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House.

This is an ongoing research study as part of the Liberty University graduate psychology program.

References

Roy, N. J. (2009). Family Relationships and the Impact on Adolescent Substance Abuse. Liberty University. Available [Online]: http://www.galtmilemedia.com/docs/family-relationships-adolescent-substance-abuse.pdf

Counseling with the use of Scripture cannot be used by reading off verses in the session without it pertaining specifically to the client or situation. It is also unwise to view the use of the Bible as a means for the counselor to talk consistently throughout the session or to avoid difficult emotions and dialogue (Brewer, n.d.). Rather, it is a foundational lens from which to give purpose and insight to humanity and the world (Brewer, n.d.). With this focus a counselor can ask themselves important questions about how the use of Scripture will facilitate the building and nuturing of a client’s healthy sense of self, need, and healing relationships (McMinn, 1996).

References

Brewer, G. (n.d.). [The Bible in biblical counseling]. Liberty University.

McMinn, M.R. (1996). Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House.

A healthy sense of self is recognition of neediness, brokenness, and pain in order to cultivate community, reciprocity in relationships, and healing. Self-awareness comes from pain and discomfort; producing insight and healing (McMinn, 1996). From a Christian perspective, I believe that acknowledgment of human sinfulness and fallibility can lead to humble reflection and nuture the ability to change, grow, and thrive. This type of self-awareness keeps an individual moving forward instead of falling into despair. I agree with McMinn’s (1996) view that an accurate sense of self, need, and healing relationships all interact together and lead to a holistic picture of spiritual and psychological health.

Reference

McMinn, M.R. (1996). Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House.

Painful experiences that are a part of life give humanity a longing for healing, for “often it is the dark forest that makes us speak about the open field” (Nouwen, 1975, p. 19). The counselor is a guide for hurting people to help them come out of painful experiences and find healing. However, to rememdy the pain to quickly can short circuit the process and may cause dependency. The client who comes into counseling in despair gives the counselor the opportunity to promote solitude in the counseling session and to “speak about the fertile tree while witnessing the dying of the seed” (Nouwen, 1975, p. 53). The beauty of true life and transformation is that it comes out of death. It is the complete message of the gospel. Nouwen (1975) speaks of creating emptiness in a client in order for them to truly understand themselves, which drives them toward true living. It would not be wise to state directly to the client that pain must come first in an insensitive manner. Using professionalism and descretion over blunt verbiage would be best, but the message is still the same.

Reference

Nouwen, H.J.M. (1975). Reaching out: The three movements of the spiritual life. New York: Doubleday.

Nevertheless, this statement cannot be taken niavely or without recognition that the conflict between the Academy and the Church is apparent when one sees a distinction between allegiance to God and allegiance to man (Entwistle, 2004). For this reason, I agree with Entwistle (2004) that “secular” knowledge, meaning knowledge obtained from observation and methods outside of reading the Bible, is still knowledge of God’s truth and must be viewed from a larger, Biblical framework.

My personal religious background and my education were influencial in my perspective. I attended public and Christian schools and colleges. Specifically, in my Christian educational experiences there was much concern and care taken to teach a Biblical worldview while also teaching secular knowledge through a Biblical lens. This type of education allowed for integration of God’s “Two Books”: the Bible and the creative order (Brewer, n.d.)

References

Brewer, G. (n.d.). [Lecture 2: Defining integration: Key concepts]. Liberty University.

Entwistle, D.N. (2004). Integrative approaches to psychology and christianity: An introduction to worldview issues, philosophical foundations, and models of integration. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.

Looking back into the history of the Church in regards to psychology will find that the care and healing of the soul was central to Christianity and the Church, long before our modern view of psychotherapy came into being (Entwistle, 2004). Viewing psychology, or soul care, as sinful is to make the statement that the Church of antiquity was wrong in its mission to care for human beings.

Entwistle (2004) proposes that the study of psychology is a study of God’s works and is therefore a way to learn about the God who created the universe and its inhabitants. What should be asked of this original statement is how one interprets psychology based upon worldview perspective. Defining psychology as a sinful endeavor lies in a Christian combatant perspective from Entwistle’s (2004) Enemies model. The perspective that theology and psychology must be in opposition with clearly defined territory stems from a fairly recent debate after the Enlightenment and Darwinism (Entwistle, 2004). Thus, one must recognize that this statement does not stem from a Biblical concept, but from a territorial debate from the very recent nineteenth century.

References

Entwistle, D.N. (2004). Integrative approaches to psychology and Christianity. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.

Different economic times require different leadership skills.  Leading during prosperity is not the same as carrying a company through tumultuous times.  There are countless leadership competencies—all necessary at different points.  These five however, are critical to leading organizations through—and out of—a turbulent economy.  By narrowly focusing on these core competencies, leadership can build on the skills, behaviors, and knowledge they need to move their companies into the future.  By concentrating on these areas, leaders can ensure that their companies will be poised to catapult ahead of the competition when the economy rebounds. 

Setting the direction—Leaders must define the focus for the organization by developing a vision for the future, along with the strategies for making the changes needed to achieve that vision. 

Aligning people—Leaders can’t move forward without first gaining the support of employees.  By making the vision, objectives, and mission clear to staff, leaders can create the cohesive teams necessary to achieve their goals. 

Motivating and inspiring—Leaders can build enthusiasm and confidence among employees by raising expectations, encouraging them to accept challenges, and instilling a desire for excellence. 

Communicating—Strong communications skills are vital to moving an organization forward.  If leaders keep employees informed and are transparent about changes in the organization, employees will be more secure, focused, and productive. 

Managing Talent—Success can’t happen without engaged employees.  Leaders must nurture and develop people to fill the needs of the organization and help retain talented staff.

Leaders should focus on these five competencies if they want to come through the recession stronger.  But how can leaders improve their skills when development dollars are so limited?  And even if the money is available, it often isn’t practical for organizations to undertake extensive, formal leadership development initiatives during a down-turn.  However, it is possible for organizations to implement development programs cost-effectively.  One example of this is a targeted coaching program where leaders can increase their skills without draining company resources.

Instead of the traditional broad-based, academic-focused programs, organizations can roll out more streamlined approaches like this that support the challenges of key talent and leaders.  The first step is to identify those individuals who will make the biggest impact on the organization’s future. 

By concentrating on a finite number of people and these five competencies, targeted coaching techniques can mobilize a leadership team, increase management capability, lend clarity to the organization’s goals, and help the organization gain momentum while managing through the change.  And since this coaching is done on-the-job in real time, instead of a classroom setting, the organization will realize immediate impact and high value. 

Economic recovery may arrive next quarter or next decade.  Regardless of when it happens, the companies that invest in their key people now, will position themselves for takeoff when the economy rebounds. 

Susan Miele is a senior partner with Camden Consulting Group, a Boston-based consultancy providing integrated talent management solutions for organizational and leadership development.  Camden is a division of Keystone Partners, a career management firm.

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This article compares and contrasts the level of acculturation for two Liberty University students who are also in counseling with Dr. Fernando Garzon, Associate Professor of Psychology at Liberty University.  Hitomi was an informal interview, while Stan was a crisis session to the U.S. culture.

My assessment of acculturation in these individuals includes:  a) language use – Hitomi (Hawkins, 2009) said she reads and writes slower than American students, and struggles with some conversations. Stan does not struggle. However, his native language is important for emotional processing, and Dr. Garzon effectively used language switching (Rivera, 1995) to facilitate this. This helps the client be more spontaneous, less inhibited, and helps bring up repressed memories. (Rivera, 1995). b) generational conflict – both are first-generation intercultural students for approximately five years. Stan’s family in Russia is Christian; Hitomi’s family are atheist, and do not support her religion (Hawkins, 2009). c) persons of color – Stan, a white European has not faced race discrimination. Hitomi, a person of color, has not faced race discrimination, although her circle of friends is limited to Liberty students. d) social supports – both students have primary relationships with Americans. In general, these two students demonstrate biculturalism.

Gladding (2009) informs us that during the initial interview we work with the client to identify the problem. It is important, he tells us, to be flexible with our initial assessment because as we gather more information in future sessions, our view of the problem may change. Assessing a client’s acculturation from an initial interview is not something a counselor would cast in stone; instead, they should reconsider this as more information is revealed in future sessions. As this information is gathered, a counselor would reassess what they have observed about the client’s acculturation as the counseling relationship grows.

As cited by Diller (2007), the work of Marin (1992) views the impact of acculturation based on “the kinds of material that have been gained or lost through acculturation”. Marin’s three levels, and in particular, the immediate level, point to an individual who uses the current language, and associates with the predominant ethnic group of that country. A significant acculturation occurs when they adopt values of the current culture (Diller, 2007). Hitomi left her atheist family and predominantly atheist country to pursue education and life as a Christian. Her values have become increasingly dissimilar to that of her native culture, and for these reasons, my initial assessment is that of intermediate and leaning toward advanced acculturation. With Stan, when asked how his wife was doing, he replied “She hasn’t been very close because of the language barrier.” From this I know she is not Russian, and in future sessions, I can learn her ethnicity.

To help with future assessments, I would like to better understand Japanese gender norms. I felt Hitomi would feel less inhibited speaking to a white female with warmth and empathy. Hill et al. (1988) supports this in his study of counselors using self-disclosure. Their clients reported feeling more normal and reassured, and experiencing greater amounts of insight and sharing. (Kim, B., Hill, C., Gelso, C., Goates, M., Asay, P., and Harbin, J., 2003). In dealing with Russian clients I would want to know more about their grieving process and norms for each gender.

References

Diller, J. V. (2007). Cultural diversity (3rd ed.). Thomson, Brooks/Cole: Belmont, CA.

Gladding, S.T. (2009). Counseling: A comprehensive profession. Pearson: Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Hawkins, R.  (2009). Counseling 504 Lecture #1. Acculturation 1. [Power Point]. Lynchburg, VA: Liberty University Distance Learning Program.

Kim, B., Hill, C., Gelso, C., Goates, M., Asay, P., and Harbin, J. (2003). Counselor self-disclosure, East Asian American client adherence to Asian cultural values, and counseling process. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 3, 324–332.

Santiago-Rivera, A. (1995). Developing a culturally sensitive treatment modality for bilingual Spanish-speaking clients: incorporating language and culture in counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 12-13.

The view that many Muslim’s have of Christianity helps to bring clarity to some of the issues surrounding extremism. These Muslims do not want to be led away from their faith by mainstream culture, as they believe Christians any many others have. They seek to control the media, as well as the practices of their followers by using force and laws to keep people practicing “pure” Islam. It is easy to understand why such a fear of corruption of faith would exist and such measures to control and convert to strict Islam are taken given the way that many believers of various faiths live today, appearing more like the secular world than those practicing true faith (Liberty University, 2009; Johnson, n.d.)

References
Liberty University (2009). The Middle East, Muslims, and Christians. Liberty University: Lynchburg, VA.
Johnson, J. (n.d.). Islam and Wahhabism. Regent University: Virginia Beach: VA.
McGoldrick, M., Giordano, J., & Garcia-Preto, N. (2005). Ethnicity & Family Therapy. (3rd ed.). Guilford Press: New York, NY.

In Arab society, Arabs have an external locus of control; that they are bound by external forces beyond their control. They claim that what happens to them is the will of God. Individuals in Arab families are restricted from developing an individuated self. They cannot branch out from the family to do their own thing. If they do, they risk being viewed as deviant and will face condemnation by the father or older sibling.

References

Dwairy, M., Van Sickle, T. (1996). Western psychotherapy in traditional Arabic societies, Clinical Psychology Review, Volume 16, Issue 3, Pages 231-249,.

This rally is for the constitution the all people believe in less government, not more! This is for preserving democracy and preventing the socialist agenda of the Obama administration. This is for all generations.

Socialist President Obama has spent more money in the 6 months after taking office then any other administration in the past. The group organizing this event is for less taxes and   improving health care. Where this country is founded on free speech, Obama is for intimidation tactics. Obama is for instituting socialism so that there can be government run health care and government run banking system.  The founding fathers are now rolling over in their graves in what they are seeing now.

Rally is going to be held September 12, 2009 at 1pm in front of the United States Federal Courthouse located at 299 E. Broward Blvd.

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